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Joseph Luke Guy was born in Birmingham, Alabama on September 20, 1920 but much of his early personal life is obscured. He began his professional music career performing in New York City, and joined Fats Waller’s backup band in the late 1930s. Following that, in 1938, he  succeeded Dizzy Gillespie in Teddy Hill’s orchestra.

 Patterning his playing style after his musical role model, Roy Eldridge, despite his range, speed, and potential, Joe never managed to surpass Eldridge’s abilities, though he was considered a musical talent when taking into account his young age.

In 1940 he became a key soloist in Coleman Hawkins’ short-lived big band. 1941–42 saw Guy as a regular performer as a member of the after-hours band at Minton’s Playhouse alongside Nick Fenton, Kenny Clarke, and Thelonious Monk in jam sessions with early bop music. During this period he was actively involved in numerous recordings by Jerry Newman, and also appeared on songs by Charlie Christian, Hot Lips Page, Roy Eldridge, and Don Byas.

Incorporating Gillespie’s influences into his playing, Joe’s performance on Monk’s 1942 song Epistrophy is arguably the highlight of his recording career. Much of his appearances as an instrumentalist are marked by his enthusiasm and tempo, however, on occasions would over exert himself and consequently sound erratic.

Struggling with a heroin addiction throughout the majority of his brief career, in 1945–46 Guy was involved with Billie Holiday both professionally and intimately. When they were both busted for drug possession, the two cut ties thereafter. Afterwards, sidelined him from further success, he moved back to his hometown and fell into relative obscurity among the music industry.

Trumpeter Joe Guy, who performed locally in his hometown and advised others about the dangers of his addiction, transitioned on June 1, 1962, at the age of 41.

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